DetoxFungiV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 001394

An Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolic gene cluster containing a hybrid PKS-NRPS is necessary for synthesis of the 2-pyridones, leporins.

Identifieur interne : 001394 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001393; suivant : 001395

An Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolic gene cluster containing a hybrid PKS-NRPS is necessary for synthesis of the 2-pyridones, leporins.

Auteurs : Jeffrey W. Cary [États-Unis] ; Valdet Uka [Belgique] ; Zheng Han [Belgique] ; Dieter Buyst [Belgique] ; Pamela Y. Harris-Coward [États-Unis] ; Kenneth C. Ehrlich [États-Unis] ; Qijian Wei [États-Unis] ; Deepak Bhatnagar [États-Unis] ; Patrick F. Dowd [États-Unis] ; Stacey L. Martens [États-Unis] ; Ana M. Calvo [États-Unis] ; José C. Martins [Belgique] ; Lynn Vanhaecke [Belgique] ; Tom Coenye [Belgique] ; Sarah De Saeger [Belgique] ; José Diana Di Mavungu [Belgique]

Source :

Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B [ 1096-0937 ] ; 2015.

RBID : pubmed:26051490

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Amino-acid ligases (génétique), Amino-acid ligases (métabolisme), Aspergillus flavus (enzymologie), Aspergillus flavus (génétique), Aspergillus flavus (métabolisme), Famille multigénique (MeSH), Métabolisme secondaire (MeSH), Pigments biologiques (analyse), Polyketide synthases (génétique), Polyketide synthases (métabolisme), Pyridones (métabolisme), Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques (MeSH).
MESH :
- analyse : Pigments biologiques.
- enzymologie : Aspergillus flavus.
- génétique : Amino-acid ligases, Aspergillus flavus, Polyketide synthases.
- métabolisme : Amino-acid ligases, Aspergillus flavus, Polyketide synthases, Pyridones.
- Famille multigénique, Métabolisme secondaire, Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Aspergillus flavus (enzymology), Aspergillus flavus (genetics), Aspergillus flavus (metabolism), Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal (MeSH), Multigene Family (MeSH), Peptide Synthases (genetics), Peptide Synthases (metabolism), Pigments, Biological (analysis), Polyketide Synthases (genetics), Polyketide Synthases (metabolism), Pyridones (metabolism), Secondary Metabolism (MeSH).
MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Pigments, Biological.
- chemical , genetics : Peptide Synthases, Polyketide Synthases.
- enzymology : Aspergillus flavus.
- genetics : Aspergillus flavus.
- metabolism : Aspergillus flavus, Peptide Synthases, Polyketide Synthases, Pyridones.
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Multigene Family, Secondary Metabolism.

Abstract

The genome of the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus flavus, has been shown to harbor as many as 56 putative secondary metabolic gene clusters including the one responsible for production of the toxic and carcinogenic, polyketide synthase (PKS)-derived aflatoxins. Except for the production of aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and several other metabolites the capability for metabolite production of most of these putative clusters is unknown. We investigated the regulation of expression of the PKS-non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) containing cluster 23 and determined that it produces homologs of the known 2-pyridone leporin A. Inactivation and overexpression of a cluster 23 gene encoding a putative Zn(2)-Cys(6) transcription factor (AFLA_066900, lepE) resulted in downregulation of nine and up-regulation of 8, respectively, of the fifteen SMURF-predicted cluster 23 genes thus allowing delineation of the cluster. Overexpression of lepE (OE::lepE) resulted in transformants displaying orange-red pigmented hyphae. Mass spectral analysis of A. flavus OE::lepE extracts identified the known 2-pyridone metabolite, leporin B, as well as the previously unreported dehydroxy-precursor, leporin C. We provide strong evidence that leporin B forms a unique trimeric complex with iron, not found previously for other 2-pyridones. This iron complex demonstrated antiinsectan and antifeedant properties similar to those previously found for leporin A. The OE::lepE strain showed reduced levels of conidia and sclerotia suggesting that unscheduled leporin production affects fungal developmental programs.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.05.010
PubMed: 26051490

Affiliations:

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Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Wei, Qijian" sort="Wei, Qijian" uniqKey="Wei Q" first="Qijian" last="Wei">Qijian Wei</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Bhatnagar, Deepak" sort="Bhatnagar, Deepak" uniqKey="Bhatnagar D" first="Deepak" last="Bhatnagar">Deepak Bhatnagar</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Dowd, Patrick F" sort="Dowd, Patrick F" uniqKey="Dowd P" first="Patrick F" last="Dowd">Patrick F. Dowd</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Martens, Stacey L" sort="Martens, Stacey L" uniqKey="Martens S" first="Stacey L" last="Martens">Stacey L. Martens</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Vanhaecke, Lynn" sort="Vanhaecke, Lynn" uniqKey="Vanhaecke L" first="Lynn" last="Vanhaecke">Lynn Vanhaecke</name>
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<author><name sortKey="De Saeger, Sarah" sort="De Saeger, Sarah" uniqKey="De Saeger S" first="Sarah" last="De Saeger">Sarah De Saeger</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
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<orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Di Mavungu, Jose Diana" sort="Di Mavungu, Jose Diana" uniqKey="Di Mavungu J" first="José Diana" last="Di Mavungu">José Diana Di Mavungu</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">An Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolic gene cluster containing a hybrid PKS-NRPS is necessary for synthesis of the 2-pyridones, leporins.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Cary, Jeffrey W" sort="Cary, Jeffrey W" uniqKey="Cary J" first="Jeffrey W" last="Cary">Jeffrey W. Cary</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA. Electronic address: jeff.cary@ars.usda.gov.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Uka, Valdet" sort="Uka, Valdet" uniqKey="Uka V" first="Valdet" last="Uka">Valdet Uka</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region>
<settlement type="city">Gand</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Han, Zheng" sort="Han, Zheng" uniqKey="Han Z" first="Zheng" last="Han">Zheng Han</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region>
<settlement type="city">Gand</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Buyst, Dieter" sort="Buyst, Dieter" uniqKey="Buyst D" first="Dieter" last="Buyst">Dieter Buyst</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region>
<settlement type="city">Gand</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Harris Coward, Pamela Y" sort="Harris Coward, Pamela Y" uniqKey="Harris Coward P" first="Pamela Y" last="Harris-Coward">Pamela Y. Harris-Coward</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ehrlich, Kenneth C" sort="Ehrlich, Kenneth C" uniqKey="Ehrlich K" first="Kenneth C" last="Ehrlich">Kenneth C. Ehrlich</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wei, Qijian" sort="Wei, Qijian" uniqKey="Wei Q" first="Qijian" last="Wei">Qijian Wei</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhatnagar, Deepak" sort="Bhatnagar, Deepak" uniqKey="Bhatnagar D" first="Deepak" last="Bhatnagar">Deepak Bhatnagar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dowd, Patrick F" sort="Dowd, Patrick F" uniqKey="Dowd P" first="Patrick F" last="Dowd">Patrick F. Dowd</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martens, Stacey L" sort="Martens, Stacey L" uniqKey="Martens S" first="Stacey L" last="Martens">Stacey L. Martens</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Dept. of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Calvo, Ana M" sort="Calvo, Ana M" uniqKey="Calvo A" first="Ana M" last="Calvo">Ana M. Calvo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Dept. of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martins, Jose C" sort="Martins, Jose C" uniqKey="Martins J" first="José C" last="Martins">José C. Martins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region>
<settlement type="city">Gand</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vanhaecke, Lynn" sort="Vanhaecke, Lynn" uniqKey="Vanhaecke L" first="Lynn" last="Vanhaecke">Lynn Vanhaecke</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Gand</settlement>
<region>Région flamande</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coenye, Tom" sort="Coenye, Tom" uniqKey="Coenye T" first="Tom" last="Coenye">Tom Coenye</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Lab of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Lab of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region>
<settlement type="city">Gand</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Saeger, Sarah" sort="De Saeger, Sarah" uniqKey="De Saeger S" first="Sarah" last="De Saeger">Sarah De Saeger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
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<placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region>
<settlement type="city">Gand</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Di Mavungu, Jose Diana" sort="Di Mavungu, Jose Diana" uniqKey="Di Mavungu J" first="José Diana" last="Di Mavungu">José Diana Di Mavungu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province de Flandre-Orientale</region>
<settlement type="city">Gand</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Gand</orgName>
</affiliation>
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</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1096-0937</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date>
</imprint>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aspergillus flavus (enzymology)</term>
<term>Aspergillus flavus (genetics)</term>
<term>Aspergillus flavus (metabolism)</term>
<term>Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal (MeSH)</term>
<term>Multigene Family (MeSH)</term>
<term>Peptide Synthases (genetics)</term>
<term>Peptide Synthases (metabolism)</term>
<term>Pigments, Biological (analysis)</term>
<term>Polyketide Synthases (genetics)</term>
<term>Polyketide Synthases (metabolism)</term>
<term>Pyridones (metabolism)</term>
<term>Secondary Metabolism (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Amino-acid ligases (génétique)</term>
<term>Amino-acid ligases (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Aspergillus flavus (enzymologie)</term>
<term>Aspergillus flavus (génétique)</term>
<term>Aspergillus flavus (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Famille multigénique (MeSH)</term>
<term>Métabolisme secondaire (MeSH)</term>
<term>Pigments biologiques (analyse)</term>
<term>Polyketide synthases (génétique)</term>
<term>Polyketide synthases (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Pyridones (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques (MeSH)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Pigments, Biological</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Peptide Synthases</term>
<term>Polyketide Synthases</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Pigments biologiques</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="enzymologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Aspergillus flavus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="enzymology" xml:lang="en"><term>Aspergillus flavus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Aspergillus flavus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Amino-acid ligases</term>
<term>Aspergillus flavus</term>
<term>Polyketide synthases</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Aspergillus flavus</term>
<term>Peptide Synthases</term>
<term>Polyketide Synthases</term>
<term>Pyridones</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Amino-acid ligases</term>
<term>Aspergillus flavus</term>
<term>Polyketide synthases</term>
<term>Pyridones</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal</term>
<term>Multigene Family</term>
<term>Secondary Metabolism</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Famille multigénique</term>
<term>Métabolisme secondaire</term>
<term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The genome of the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus flavus, has been shown to harbor as many as 56 putative secondary metabolic gene clusters including the one responsible for production of the toxic and carcinogenic, polyketide synthase (PKS)-derived aflatoxins. Except for the production of aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and several other metabolites the capability for metabolite production of most of these putative clusters is unknown. We investigated the regulation of expression of the PKS-non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) containing cluster 23 and determined that it produces homologs of the known 2-pyridone leporin A. Inactivation and overexpression of a cluster 23 gene encoding a putative Zn(2)-Cys(6) transcription factor (AFLA_066900, lepE) resulted in downregulation of nine and up-regulation of 8, respectively, of the fifteen SMURF-predicted cluster 23 genes thus allowing delineation of the cluster. Overexpression of lepE (OE::lepE) resulted in transformants displaying orange-red pigmented hyphae. Mass spectral analysis of A. flavus OE::lepE extracts identified the known 2-pyridone metabolite, leporin B, as well as the previously unreported dehydroxy-precursor, leporin C. We provide strong evidence that leporin B forms a unique trimeric complex with iron, not found previously for other 2-pyridones. This iron complex demonstrated antiinsectan and antifeedant properties similar to those previously found for leporin A. The OE::lepE strain showed reduced levels of conidia and sclerotia suggesting that unscheduled leporin production affects fungal developmental programs. </div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26051490</PMID>
<DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>19</Day>
</DateCompleted>
<DateRevised><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>07</Month>
<Day>28</Day>
</DateRevised>
<Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1096-0937</ISSN>
<JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>81</Volume>
<PubDate><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>Aug</Month>
</PubDate>
</JournalIssue>
<Title>Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B</Title>
<ISOAbbreviation>Fungal Genet Biol</ISOAbbreviation>
</Journal>
<ArticleTitle>An Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolic gene cluster containing a hybrid PKS-NRPS is necessary for synthesis of the 2-pyridones, leporins.</ArticleTitle>
<Pagination><MedlinePgn>88-97</MedlinePgn>
</Pagination>
<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.fgb.2015.05.010</ELocationID>
<ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1087-1845(15)00120-6</ELocationID>
<Abstract><AbstractText>The genome of the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus flavus, has been shown to harbor as many as 56 putative secondary metabolic gene clusters including the one responsible for production of the toxic and carcinogenic, polyketide synthase (PKS)-derived aflatoxins. Except for the production of aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and several other metabolites the capability for metabolite production of most of these putative clusters is unknown. We investigated the regulation of expression of the PKS-non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) containing cluster 23 and determined that it produces homologs of the known 2-pyridone leporin A. Inactivation and overexpression of a cluster 23 gene encoding a putative Zn(2)-Cys(6) transcription factor (AFLA_066900, lepE) resulted in downregulation of nine and up-regulation of 8, respectively, of the fifteen SMURF-predicted cluster 23 genes thus allowing delineation of the cluster. Overexpression of lepE (OE::lepE) resulted in transformants displaying orange-red pigmented hyphae. Mass spectral analysis of A. flavus OE::lepE extracts identified the known 2-pyridone metabolite, leporin B, as well as the previously unreported dehydroxy-precursor, leporin C. We provide strong evidence that leporin B forms a unique trimeric complex with iron, not found previously for other 2-pyridones. This iron complex demonstrated antiinsectan and antifeedant properties similar to those previously found for leporin A. The OE::lepE strain showed reduced levels of conidia and sclerotia suggesting that unscheduled leporin production affects fungal developmental programs. </AbstractText>
<CopyrightInformation>Published by Elsevier Inc.</CopyrightInformation>
</Abstract>
<AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cary</LastName>
<ForeName>Jeffrey W</ForeName>
<Initials>JW</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA. Electronic address: jeff.cary@ars.usda.gov.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Uka</LastName>
<ForeName>Valdet</ForeName>
<Initials>V</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Han</LastName>
<ForeName>Zheng</ForeName>
<Initials>Z</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Buyst</LastName>
<ForeName>Dieter</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Harris-Coward</LastName>
<ForeName>Pamela Y</ForeName>
<Initials>PY</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ehrlich</LastName>
<ForeName>Kenneth C</ForeName>
<Initials>KC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wei</LastName>
<ForeName>Qijian</ForeName>
<Initials>Q</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bhatnagar</LastName>
<ForeName>Deepak</ForeName>
<Initials>D</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dowd</LastName>
<ForeName>Patrick F</ForeName>
<Initials>PF</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martens</LastName>
<ForeName>Stacey L</ForeName>
<Initials>SL</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dept. of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Calvo</LastName>
<ForeName>Ana M</ForeName>
<Initials>AM</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dept. of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Martins</LastName>
<ForeName>José C</ForeName>
<Initials>JC</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Vanhaecke</LastName>
<ForeName>Lynn</ForeName>
<Initials>L</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Dept. of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Coenye</LastName>
<ForeName>Tom</ForeName>
<Initials>T</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Lab of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>De Saeger</LastName>
<ForeName>Sarah</ForeName>
<Initials>S</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
<Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Di Mavungu</LastName>
<ForeName>José Diana</ForeName>
<Initials>JD</Initials>
<AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.</Affiliation>
</AffiliationInfo>
</Author>
</AuthorList>
<Language>eng</Language>
<PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType>
</PublicationTypeList>
<ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>06</Month>
<Day>04</Day>
</ArticleDate>
</Article>
<MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country>
<MedlineTA>Fungal Genet Biol</MedlineTA>
<NlmUniqueID>9607601</NlmUniqueID>
<ISSNLinking>1087-1845</ISSNLinking>
</MedlineJournalInfo>
<ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D010860">Pigments, Biological</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D011728">Pyridones</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>79956-01-7</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D048630">Polyketide Synthases</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 6.3.2.-</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="D010453">Peptide Synthases</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
<Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 6.3.2.-</RegistryNumber>
<NameOfSubstance UI="C104385">non-ribosomal peptide synthase</NameOfSubstance>
</Chemical>
</ChemicalList>
<CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
<MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001231" MajorTopicYN="N">Aspergillus flavus</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000201" MajorTopicYN="Y">enzymology</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015966" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005810" MajorTopicYN="Y">Multigene Family</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010453" MajorTopicYN="N">Peptide Synthases</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010860" MajorTopicYN="N">Pigments, Biological</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000032" MajorTopicYN="N">analysis</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D048630" MajorTopicYN="N">Polyketide Synthases</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011728" MajorTopicYN="N">Pyridones</DescriptorName>
<QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName>
</MeshHeading>
<MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D064210" MajorTopicYN="N">Secondary Metabolism</DescriptorName>
</MeshHeading>
</MeshHeadingList>
<KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Aspergillus flavus</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Gene cluster</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">High resolution mass spectrometry</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Leporin</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Natural products</Keyword>
<Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Secondary metabolism</Keyword>
</KeywordList>
</MedlineCitation>
<PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>04</Month>
<Day>15</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>22</Day>
</PubMedPubDate>
<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year>
<Month>05</Month>
<Day>26</Day>
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<Month>6</Month>
<Day>9</Day>
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<Month>6</Month>
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<Hour>6</Hour>
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<PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2016</Year>
<Month>4</Month>
<Day>20</Day>
<Hour>6</Hour>
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<affiliations><list><country><li>Belgique</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Illinois</li>
<li>Louisiane</li>
<li>Province de Flandre-Orientale</li>
<li>Région flamande</li>
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<settlement><li>Gand</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université de Gand</li>
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<tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Louisiane"><name sortKey="Cary, Jeffrey W" sort="Cary, Jeffrey W" uniqKey="Cary J" first="Jeffrey W" last="Cary">Jeffrey W. Cary</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Bhatnagar, Deepak" sort="Bhatnagar, Deepak" uniqKey="Bhatnagar D" first="Deepak" last="Bhatnagar">Deepak Bhatnagar</name>
<name sortKey="Calvo, Ana M" sort="Calvo, Ana M" uniqKey="Calvo A" first="Ana M" last="Calvo">Ana M. Calvo</name>
<name sortKey="Dowd, Patrick F" sort="Dowd, Patrick F" uniqKey="Dowd P" first="Patrick F" last="Dowd">Patrick F. Dowd</name>
<name sortKey="Ehrlich, Kenneth C" sort="Ehrlich, Kenneth C" uniqKey="Ehrlich K" first="Kenneth C" last="Ehrlich">Kenneth C. Ehrlich</name>
<name sortKey="Harris Coward, Pamela Y" sort="Harris Coward, Pamela Y" uniqKey="Harris Coward P" first="Pamela Y" last="Harris-Coward">Pamela Y. Harris-Coward</name>
<name sortKey="Martens, Stacey L" sort="Martens, Stacey L" uniqKey="Martens S" first="Stacey L" last="Martens">Stacey L. Martens</name>
<name sortKey="Wei, Qijian" sort="Wei, Qijian" uniqKey="Wei Q" first="Qijian" last="Wei">Qijian Wei</name>
</country>
<country name="Belgique"><region name="Province de Flandre-Orientale"><name sortKey="Uka, Valdet" sort="Uka, Valdet" uniqKey="Uka V" first="Valdet" last="Uka">Valdet Uka</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Buyst, Dieter" sort="Buyst, Dieter" uniqKey="Buyst D" first="Dieter" last="Buyst">Dieter Buyst</name>
<name sortKey="Coenye, Tom" sort="Coenye, Tom" uniqKey="Coenye T" first="Tom" last="Coenye">Tom Coenye</name>
<name sortKey="De Saeger, Sarah" sort="De Saeger, Sarah" uniqKey="De Saeger S" first="Sarah" last="De Saeger">Sarah De Saeger</name>
<name sortKey="Di Mavungu, Jose Diana" sort="Di Mavungu, Jose Diana" uniqKey="Di Mavungu J" first="José Diana" last="Di Mavungu">José Diana Di Mavungu</name>
<name sortKey="Han, Zheng" sort="Han, Zheng" uniqKey="Han Z" first="Zheng" last="Han">Zheng Han</name>
<name sortKey="Martins, Jose C" sort="Martins, Jose C" uniqKey="Martins J" first="José C" last="Martins">José C. Martins</name>
<name sortKey="Vanhaecke, Lynn" sort="Vanhaecke, Lynn" uniqKey="Vanhaecke L" first="Lynn" last="Vanhaecke">Lynn Vanhaecke</name>
</country>
</tree>
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An Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolic gene cluster containing a hybrid PKS-NRPS is necessary for synthesis of the 2-pyridones, leporins.

An Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolic gene cluster containing a hybrid PKS-NRPS is necessary for synthesis of the 2-pyridones, leporins.

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